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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks are intrigued by the iron-attracting property of a mineral which they find in the district of Magnesia | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks observe the strange effect of electricity, seen when amber (known to them as electron) is rubbed | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | Archimedes (it is said) leaps out of his bath shouting eureka ('I have found it') when he perceives how to test for relative density | |
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| 1600 |
| | | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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| 1654 |
| | | Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum | |
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| 1665 |
| | | Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples | |
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| 1672 |
| | | Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light | |
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